Reports
“Transit over Traffic – Hard Truths for Addressing Gridlock in the GTHA”
Authors: Environmental Defence Canada and Transport Action Ontario.
Date: December, 2025
Summary: This report discusses gridlock reduction in the GTHA in general, and includes a full case study on Highway 413 with three focus areas: Build out transit capital projects in the western GTHA beyond current funded projects ($14 Billion), Expand road pricing or tolling while reducing truck tolls on Highway 407 ($0.3 Billion/year) and Support western municipalities with additional operating funding to optimize their public transit assets ($0.75 Billion/year)
“The Freight Escape: How to get trucks off the 401 without blowing a hole in the Greenbelt”
Authors: Eunomia Research and Consulting Ltd.
Date: November, 2023
Summary: A truck toll discount on Highway 407 will move 12,000 – 21,000 trucks per day off Highway 401 and cost $6 billion less than constructing the proposed Highway 413. It will also reduce cost and journey time for truck drivers and conserve local natural spaces.
“Comparison of Costs of Providing Toll Subsidy for Trucks” on 407ETR versus Constructing and Maintaining Highway 413”
Authors: Transport Action Ontario
Date: April, 2021
Summary: The costs of providing a toll subsidy for trucks on 407ETR during busy periods are less than half the cost of constructing and maintaining Highway 413. Due to its better location, 407ETR would also be more useful to truckers.